CHAPTER 2 - RESEARCH
METHODS
- Hindsight Bias - The tendency to believe, after learning the outcome that you knew all along.
- Overconfidence - We tend to think we know more than we actually do.
- The Barnum Effect - It is the tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterization of themselves and take them to be accurate.
- Applied vs. Basic Research: -Applied research is clear, practical applications -You can use it -Basic research explores questions that you may be curious about but not intended to be immediately used
- Hypothesis: -Expresses a relationship between 2 variables -A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study -Participating in class leads to better grades then not participating
- Independent Variable- Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment.
- Dependent Variable: -Whatever is being measured in the experiment -It is dependent on the independent variable
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- Operational Definition: -It is a statement of the specific methods used to measure a variable -Explain what you mean in your hypothesis sampling
- Sampling: -The sample mus be representative of the population you want to study -Get a random sample -Stratified sampling- it allows the researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria Ex. Race
- Experimental Method: -Looking to prove casual relationships -Cause = Effect
- Experimental Group vs. Control Group: -Experimental- the group receiving or reacting to the independent variable in an experiment -Control- It is the group that doesn't receive the independent variable in an experiment
- Hawthorne Effect- Just the fact that you know you are in an experiment can cause change.
Experimenter Bias
- Another confounding variable
- not a conscious act
- Double-Blind Procedure- neither the researcher or participant is awake of whose receiving the treatment or whose receiving the placebo.
Other Confounding Methods
- Placebo Effect- it is a harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed for in psychological effect and physiological effect.
- Correlation Method- Correlation expresses a relationship between two variables , it doesn't show causation
- Types of Correlation: -Positive Correlation- The variable go in the same direction. -Negative Correlation- The variables go in opposite direction.
- Survey Method: -Most common type of study in psychology -It measures correlation, it's cheap and fast -Need a good random sample -Low response rate
- Naturalistic Observation: -Watch subjects in their natural environment -Do not manipulate the environment -The good is that there is Hawthorne effect -The bad is that we can never really show cause and effect
- Correlation Coefficient is a number that measures strength of a relationship, it ranges from -1 to +1. The relationship gets weaker the closer you get.
- Case Studies: -A detailed picture of one or a few subjects -Tells us a greater story...but is just descriptive research -doesn't give us correlation data -Cross Section- Analyzes a sample of the population at one point in time -Longitudinal- Analyzing the same people over a period of time -Descriptive Statistics- describe sets of data
- Other Measurements: -Range- distance from highest to lowest scores -Standard Deviation- the variance of scores around the mean -The higher the variance or SD, the more spread out the distributor is
Ethics
- Animal Research: -Clear Purpose -Acquire animal legally -Treated in a humane way -Least amount of suffering possible
- Human Research: -No coercion- must be voluntary -Informed consent anonymity -No significant risk -Must debrief
- Another confounding variable
- not a conscious act
- Double-Blind Procedure- neither the researcher or participant is awake of whose receiving the treatment or whose receiving the placebo.
Other Confounding Methods
- Placebo Effect- it is a harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed for in psychological effect and physiological effect.
- Correlation Method- Correlation expresses a relationship between two variables , it doesn't show causation
- Types of Correlation: -Positive Correlation- The variable go in the same direction. -Negative Correlation- The variables go in opposite direction.
- Survey Method: -Most common type of study in psychology -It measures correlation, it's cheap and fast -Need a good random sample -Low response rate
- Naturalistic Observation: -Watch subjects in their natural environment -Do not manipulate the environment -The good is that there is Hawthorne effect -The bad is that we can never really show cause and effect
- Correlation Coefficient is a number that measures strength of a relationship, it ranges from -1 to +1. The relationship gets weaker the closer you get.
- Case Studies: -A detailed picture of one or a few subjects -Tells us a greater story...but is just descriptive research -doesn't give us correlation data -Cross Section- Analyzes a sample of the population at one point in time -Longitudinal- Analyzing the same people over a period of time -Descriptive Statistics- describe sets of data
- Other Measurements: -Range- distance from highest to lowest scores -Standard Deviation- the variance of scores around the mean -The higher the variance or SD, the more spread out the distributor is
Ethics
- Animal Research: -Clear Purpose -Acquire animal legally -Treated in a humane way -Least amount of suffering possible
- Human Research: -No coercion- must be voluntary -Informed consent anonymity -No significant risk -Must debrief
i agree on with you on animal research, all animals must be legally done
ReplyDeleteAfter reading your first, I recognize you have great information thats well organized, but in the case of your second chapter the font is so small I couldn't even read it.
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